Founded in 1962 as the Neurological Hospital, it became the Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery in 1966, notable for being a center where these two specialties and other neuroscience disciplines were unified for the first time. It offers excellent services in research, teaching, and highly specialized medical care in Neurology and Neurosurgery.

It has developed subspecialties covering different fields of neuroscience that have supported clinical and surgical disciplines, such as neuropathology, neuroradiology, neurophysiology, neuro-ophthalmology, neurobiochemistry, neuroimmunology, neuropsychology, neurogenetics, and neuropharmacology.

It has trained specialists in these disciplines through its residency programs and national and international postgraduate courses. The Institute has developed extensive work in the research and treatment of neurological and neurosurgical diseases, including cerebrovascular diseases, neuromuscular diseases, epilepsies, child neurology, and movement disorders, among others.